Maximum Values Of Plant Height Research Articles

Effect of Planting Geometry on Growth, Water Productivity, and Fruit Quality of Tomatoes under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The present study investigated the impact of planting spacing on tomato crop growth, water productivity, and fruit quality under different water regimes. Thus, a field experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design in a factorial arrangement of treatments. The tomato plants were grown at three planting spacing patterns: 30 cm row-to-row planting spacing, 60 cm row-to-row planting spacing, and 90 cm row-to-row planting spacing, which were marked as (G1), (G2), and (G3), respectively. For each planting spacing pattern, irrigation regimes, namely (I1), (I2), and (I3), were established by setting the soil moisture content to 50%, 100%, and 150% of the reference evapotranspiration. The I3 × G2 combination resulted in the maximum values of plant height (68.2 cm), stem diameter (12.1 mm), and yield (41,269.9 kg/hm2), providing the highest contents of protein (1.93 mg/kg), fat (0.81%), fiber (3.94%), and lycopene (4.00 mg/kg) of the fresh fruit. Conversely, the I1 × G1 led to the minimum values of plant height (37.3 cm), stem diameter (5.65 mm), and yield (7814.7 kg/hm2), providing the lowest contents of protein (1.15 mg/kg), fat (0.50%), fiber (2.39%), and lycopene (2.15 mg/kg) of the fresh fruit. The I1 × G1 had the highest water productivity (25.06 kg/m3) value, while the lowest WP (10.23 kg/m3) value was achieved by I3 × G3. While the I1 × G3 treatment minimized the uniformity coefficient and distribution uniformity, the I3 × G3 treatment maximized their values, indicating more uniform water distribution. Our findings indicate that the I3 × G2 combination can increase tomato productivity, growth, and fruit quality. However, the I1 × G1 performed better in terms of water productivity. The results of this study can positively contribute to improving tomato production systems’ sustainability, productivity, and quality under the increasing problem of climate change.

Influence of Inorganic Fertilizers in Conjunction with Organic Manures on Growth, Yield and Quality of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Italica)

A research work was conducted in the research farm of Nalanda College of Horticulture, Noorsarai, Nalanda (Bihar-803113) during Rabi season of academic year 2021-22 to study the Influence of Inorganic Fertilizers in conjunction with organic manures on growth, yield and Quality of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Italica) in a randomized block design with 11 treatments. The Treatment, T5 (50% RDN + 50% N as PM) recorded maximum values for plant height (37.41cm and 56.13 cm), number of leaves per plant (16.53 and 20.11), leaf area (749.51cm2 and 949.57 cm2) at 45 DAT and 60DAT respectively. The treatment, T5 also recorded least days for head initiation (44.60 DAT) and highest value for diameter of head (15.93 cm), length of head (14.97 cm), wt. of head/plant (407.16 gm), wt. of head/plot (16.29Kg.), wt. of head/ha (150.65q.), vitamin C (92.43 mg/g), dry matter (11.57%), gross returns (Rs. 4,14,287.50/ha) and net returns (Rs. 3,19,448.00/ha) with B:C ratio of 3.36. This was followed by treatment T4 (50% RDN + 50% N as VC). Among all the treatments, the Treatment T5 (50% RDN + 50% N as PM) was found to be the best for obtaining better growth and optimum yield. Regarding qualitative characters and better soil health, treatment T4 (50% RDN + 50% N as VC) performed well.

Effect of Bio-fertilizer and Gibberellic Acid on Growth and Yield of Baby Corn (Zea mays, Poaceae)

The field experiment was conducted during Zaid season 2021-22 at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj (U.P). The soil of the experiment plot was sandy loam in texture, nearly neutral in soil reaction (pH 7.2), low in organic carbon (0.48%), available N (171.48 kg/ha), available P (13.6 kg/ha) and available K (215.4 kg/ha). The treatments consisted of three levels of Gibberellic acid 50, 100 and 150 ppm of foliar application and (20 g and 10g per kg litre of water) and two levels of Bio fertilizer {Azospirillum seed inoculation (10 and 20 g/kg of seed) and Azotobacter seed inoculation (10 and 20 g/kg of seed)} respectively and Azospirillum + Azotobacter 10 g/kg each gibberellic acid 150 ppm treatment combined. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with nine treatments and were replicated thrice. Results defined those maximum values of plant height (185.29 cm), dry weight (90.42 g/plant), number of cobs per plant (2.64), cob length (19.76 cm), cob weight with husk (48.54 g/cob) and cob weight without husk (12.51 g/cob) cob yield with husk (11.04 t/ ha), cob yield without husk (4.15 t/ha) were recorded with application of Azotobacter 10g/kg + Azospirillum 10g/kg + Gibberellic acid 150 ppm (T9) treatment combination.

Response of Plant Growth Regulators on Vegetative Growth, and Flower Quality of Chrysanthemum at Central India

A study on the effect of plant growth regulators on growth of chrysanthemum was carried out at K.N.K. College of Horticulture, Mandsaur. Experiment was laid out in completely randomized design(CRD) with three replications. Chrysanthemum cultivar- Hybrid-2 was used for the experiment. Six PGR treatments consisting of three concentrations each of GA and NAA i.e., GA3 (100, 150 & 200 ppm) and NAA (75 ppm, 125 ppm and 200 ppm) were applied to the experiment. GA3 (200 ppm) recorded the maximum values for plant height, plant spread, number of branches / plant, number of leaves/ plant, leaf length (cm), leaf stalk length (cm), number of suckers per plant, number of flowers per plant, flower stalk length (cm), flower diameter and flowering duration as well as the earliest first flower bud appearance and first flower opening. This treatment also recorded the longest vase life of cut flowers (days), the maximum total water uptake in vase and the maximum diameter of fully opened flower in vase life.

Effect of foliar application of varying doses of salicylic acid at different growth stages on growth, quality and nutrient uptake efficiency of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Background: The ubiquitous presence of salicylic (SA) acid in plant systems has been confirmed by many scientists. Salicylic acid is widely distributed throughout the plant and is proposed to affect a number of phyto-physiological activities. As an endogenous plant growth factor or a hormone SA has number of functions including florigenic and thermogenic role, part in plant-pathogen interaction, signal transduction, etc. Method: The present investigation was conducted at the Experimental Farm of the Division of Vegetable Science, SKUAST-K, during Kharif 2020 to find out the effect of foliar spray of varying doses of salicylic acid (SA) applied at different plant growth stages on growth and quality attributes of French bean var. Shalimar French Bean-1. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with twelve treatment combinations and three replications. Result: The investigation revealed that the treatment combination T1D2 (250ppm of SA applied at plant emergence stage) recorded minimum values for days taken to 50 per cent flowering and days taken to pod formation. Moreover, the same treatment combination T1D2 also recorded maximum values for plant height, number of primary branches plant-1, number of leaves plant-1 et al., leaf area and shoot dry weight plant-1. It was further revealed that in the treatment combination T1D2 maximum values of vitamin C content, TSS, protein content, leaf chlorophyll content and pod dry matter content were also recorded, while pod anthocyanin content was maximum in the treatment combination T2D2 (250ppm of SA applied at vegetative stage). The treatment combination T1D2 also significantly enhanced nutrient uptake efficiency of the plants and resulted in lowest values for the available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, soil EC and maximum values for organic carbon as compared absolute control. than absolute control D0.

Evaluation of Some Grass Pea Genotypes (Lathyrus sativus L.) for Forage, Seed Yield and Its Components Under Rainfed Conditions in Sulaimani Region

A field experiment was conducted at the College of Agricultural Sciences Engineering/University of Sulaimani, during the winter season of 2016-2017 to study the evaluation of some grass pea genotypes for forage, seed yield and its components under rainfed conditions. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates was used. Six genotypes of Lathyrus sativus L., one of these is local named (Marble) and the fifth other (IF1344, IF1953, IF1346, IF1332, and IF1347) obtained from ICARDA, were included in this study. Means comparison were carried out using least significant difference test (LSD) at 0.05 significant levels. The results showed that the effect of genotypes on forage yield characters was significant for the character’s fresh forage yield and dry matter percent but the effects was not significant for the character dry forage yield. Marble (Local) genotype gave maximum yield of green forage, while genotype IF1953 recorded minimum green forage yield. But concerning dry matter percent, the highest value exhibited by IF1346 genotype, in which IF1332 gave the lowest value of dry matter. Concerning the effect of genotypes on forage yield components, which was significantly affected all characters with the exception of the character leaves/stem ratio was found to be not significant, IF1346 genotype recorded maximum values of plant height and dry leaf percent, while minimum value of plant height recorded by IF1332 genotype but minimum percent of dry leaf was exhibited by Marble genotype. Regarding the characters No. of branches.plant-1, fresh stem percent and dry stem percent, Marble genotype gave the highest values for these traits, in which the lowest value of the trait No. of branches.plant-1 recorded by IF1346 genotype, but minimum values of fresh stem and dry stem percent exhibited by IF1347 genotype respectively. a cluster analysis results of all grass pea genotypes based on forage yield and its components, showed that there were two major (K= 2) groups for studied grass pea genotypes, the first group consist of five genotypes were (IF1344, IF1953 , IF1346,IF1332 and IF1347) and the second group was one genotype (Marble). But regarding seed yield and its components, the highest values of these traits (biological yield, pods number.m-2, pod yield, and seed yield) were exhibited by genotype IF1344. Maximum values of (plant height, average of pod length and 100 seeds weight) acquired by genotype IF1332, on the other hand genotype IF1953 gave the highest values of (no. of branches. plant-1, pods weight.plant-1 and seeds number.plant-1), but concerning the both traits (pods number.plant-1 and seeds weight.plant-1), maximum values were recorded by genotype IF1346. These results indicate the presence of variability between genotypes used in this study.
  
  

INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT PREPARATIONS ON SOWING QUALITY OF SPRING WHEAT SEEDS

The article is devoted to the study of the effect of pre-sowing treatment with various preparations on germination, growth and development of spring wheat. Spring wheat seeds were pre-soaked for 24 hours in Biohumus liquid organomineral fertilizer and Chlorella Suspension growth stimulator, presowing treatment was also carried out with agromineral fertilizers - zeolite from the Tatarsko-Shatrashanskiy deposit and tripoli from Kaluga region. The experiments were conducted in laboratory conditions in vessels and rolls. An increase of germination energy and seed germination was noted in rolls, when seeds were soaked in biohumus and treated with zeolite - 45 and 22% higher than in the control. The maximum values of plant height were observed in the variant with zeolite - 9% higher than the control. The number of roots increased by 22%, their length in the variant with biohumus was, on average, 20% more than the control values. The coleoptile length was at the same level in all variants. The maximum germination in vessels was obtained in the variant with soaking seeds in chlorella suspension - 92%, which is 9.52% more than the control variant. The maximum plant height was observed in the variant with biohumus - 7% more than the control, the largest root length - in the variant with seed treatment with tripoli - 6% more than the control, and the largest number of roots in the variant with chlorella suspension and zeolite - 9% more than in the control variant.

Impact of sowing dates and nutrient levels on growth attributes of toria (Brassica campestris var. toria) in trans-gangetic region of Punjab

The present investigation was carried out at the experimental farm, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab during 2021-22. The experiment was laid out in a Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) with 3 dates of sowing i.e. D1 (1st October), D2 (15th October) and D3 (30th October) and 4 different levels of fertilizer i.e.75 % RDF, 100 % RDF, 125 % RDF and 150 % RDF altogether 12 treatment combinations of dates of sowing and fertilizer levels replicated thrice. Among different temporal dynamics (sowing dates), D1 (1st October) recorded maximum values for plant height (151.20 cm), primary branches (10.33) and Secondary branches (8.91), Leaf area (64.28 cm2), Fresh weight (242.7 g), Dry weight (28.45 g), CGR (0.558 g m-2day-1), RGR (1.39 g-1 g-1day-1). Regarding the effect of various nutrient levels, the maximum plant height (128.05cm), the number of primary and secondary branches (10.44, 8.44), Leaf area (64.67 cm2), Fresh and dry weight (253.16 g, 29.55 g), CGR (0.581 g m-2day-1), RGR (1.42 g-1 g-1day-1) were recorded in the application of 100% RDF. The interaction of 1st DOS (1st October) × 100% RDF recorded maximum values in terms of most of the growth parameters of commercial importance. So it can be concluded that for better growth and development the toria plants should be sown on 1st October with the application of 100% RDF.

Foliar Application of Gibberellin Alleviates Adverse Impacts of Drought Stress and Improves Growth, Physiological and Biochemical Attributes of Canola (Brassica napus L.)

Under the current climate change scenario, water stress is one of the key factors that reduce the production of crops. Gibberellic acid (GA3) is an efficient endogenous plant hormone that shows a vital role in plant growth and development. Production of canola (Brassica napus L.) and its oil contents are severely affected under drought stress. The present study was conducted to investigate the potential of GA3 in alleviating drought stress in canola. Three levels of GA3 (G0 = 0 mg L−1, G1 = 100 mg L−1, and G2 = 150 mg L−1) as foliar applications were applied under two drought-stress conditions (D1 for three days of drought stress and D2 for six days of drought stress) on two canola varieties (Punjab canola and Faisal canola). Irrigation was applied after 3 weeks of germination, while foliar application of GA3 was done at intervals of 4 and 5 weeks after germination. When comparing the output of all the GA3 treatments, it was noticed that in G0 = 0 mg L−1 (control plants), water-stress conditions markedly reduced plant production and seed oil contents but increased protein and linoleic acid. With the application of G2 = 150 mg L−1, the maximum values of plant height (90.83 cm), no. of siliqua plant−1 (15.50), seed siliqua−1 (15.55), siliqua length (5.08 cm), relative water contents (77.60%), yield plant−1 (0.46 g), chlorophyll a (0.62), carotenoid contents (39.52), and oleic acid contents (60.20) were recorded under drought stress. Based on these results, it is concluded that the adverse effect of drought stress on different yield parameters of canola could be ameliorated by the exogenous application of GA3 through foliar application at a dose of 150 mg L–1. Moreover, the same treatment improves the quality parameters, i.e., the oleic acid contents of the oil, obtained from the canola.

Evaluation of Forage Crops Production and Quality of Two Different Rangelands in Sulaimani Governorate

This study was conducted during 2015 in Sulaimani governorate at two main different locations of Sharbazher, Dukan, each one with some sub-locations, the sub- location of sharbazher that contains (Qalachwlan, Bnawela, Kana-Swra, Byana, Bazarw and Kane-Bewka) . The sub- location of Dukan that contains (Mergapan, Kwera-Kane, Hanaran, Qzlar and Kilka-Smaq) to estimate fresh yield, dry yield, dry matter and animal unit. The rangeland areas of Sulaimani governorate located between 350 10' – 360 27' N and 440 40' – 460 22' E were restricted, 250017 and658801 ha for Sharbazher and Dukan locations respectively. The most important results indicated that, it was noticed that the sub-location of Qalachwalan at sharbazher location gave the maximum values of plant height, stem dry weight, leaf dry weight and Leaf Stem ratio for both legumes and grasses with 27.22, 52.9 cm, 5.28% and1.80% as the means of nine replicates respectively. However, the sub-location of Mergapan at Dwkan location gave the maximum values of plant height with 40.43, 69.00cm for both legumes and grasses respectively.Dukan location gave the maximum value of total dry yield 970431.60 ton and 2940701.80 Animal unit/three months, while Sharbazher location which gave the minimum value total dry yield of 17216.20 ton and 52170.30 animal unit/3 months as the means of four replicates respectively. The highest fresh yield, dry yield and animal unit obtained Dukan, location which 13348.27 and 2554.85 kg/ha 2940701.80 animal unit respectively .Results of chemical analysis for the grass and legume plants showed that there were differences between locations. Dukan location gave the maximum percentage of protein content, Carbohydrate, fiber, and magnesium which were (8.75, 17.80 ,19.50 , and 0.74 %) respectively, for legume plants .However, chemical contents for grass plant showed that Sharbazher location gave the maximum percentage of carbohydrate, fiber, oil , phosphorous and ash contents which were (22.28 , 23.50 , 1.22 , 1.33 and 11.01 %), respectively.

Sunflower response to nitrogen doses

The sunflower is an oilseed species, rustic, cultivated in different agroecosystems. The responses of cultivars to nitrogen fertilization vary according to the cultivar and environment. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the response of biometric characters of sunflower cv. Embrapa 122-V2000 under N doses. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design with five treatments (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg N ha-1) and four blocks. All characters were influenced (p<0.05) by N doses, fitting to the quadratic model. The maximum values of plant height (1.68 m), stem diameter (22.71 mm), leaf area (423.41 cm2), capitulum diameter (15.22 cm), dry biomass yield (6,075.13 kg DM ha-1) and grains (2,982.89 kg ha-1), N use efficiency from biomass (80.3 kg kg-1) and grains (43.27 kg kg-1) close to 90 kg N ha-1, this dose being recommended for the edaphoclimatic conditions of the Agreste Meridional Region of Pernambuco, Brazil.

Karakter Perakaran Sejumlah Varietas Kopi Arabika pada Fase Bibit di Pesemaian

Roots represent the fundamental structure and material transport systems in plants. These important organs are used to study the adaptation processes in the environment. During the nursery stage, root evaluation serves as determining the seedling quality before transplant. This research aims to ascertain the root characteristics of several Arabica coffee varieties for a suitably vigorous root nursery system. Kaliwining Experimental Garden, Jember, Indonesia, served as the research location. The method used was a completely randomized design with a single factor, including arabica coffee varieties (Abesinia-3, Andungsari-1, BLP-4, Gayo-1, K-08, K-29, K-34, K-79, K-130, Kartika-1, Kayumas and Sigararutang). The result showed that the differences in the various sample factors significantly influenced the root properties. In addition, the entire observation parameters demonstrated a positive correlation except for the root and shoot ratio. Furthermore, BLP-4 v obtained the maximum values for plant height, stem diameter, fresh dry weight of taproot, and root biomass, while Gayo-1 variety observed the greatest number of leaves. Also, the Sigararutang variety indicated the highest value of the fresh and dry weight of shoot, fresh weight of lateral roots, and root length, while Kayumas and K-34 varieties acquired the lowest values of plant height, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, as well as root length. Therefore, BLP-4, Gayo-1, and Sigararutang varieties exhibited the potentials of broader adaptability.

Influence of date of planting and spacing on growth, yield and quality of garlic (Allium sativum L.)

The present investigation was conducted during year 2018-19 and 2019-20 at experimental field of Division of Vegetable Sciences, SKUAST-Kashmir to assess the sole as well as interaction effect of date of sowing and spacing on growth, yield, and quality of garlic (Allium stadium L) under temperate conditions of Kashmir valley. Pooled result of two years (2018-19 and 2019-20) revealed that sole effect of date of sowings showed treatment T3 (15th Nov) recorded maximum values of plant height (87.60 cm),no. of cloves per bulb (9.78),average clove weight (9.77gms),average bulb weight (38.83 gms),Equatorial diameter (4.94cm,), polar dia (3.76 cm),neck thickness (0.67 cm),bulb yield (226.56 q ha-1), T.S.S Brix0 (36.25),vitamin C content (12.89 mg100-1g) and protein content (6.41%) which was significantly superior to all treatments but at par with treatment D2 (30th Oct) while as sole effect of spacing revealed that maximum values of plant height (79.60 cm),no. of cloves per bulb (7.32 cm),average clove weight (8.55 gms),average bulb weight (37.51 gms),equatorial dia (4.73 cm,),polar dia (3.61 cm),neck thickness (0.64 cm),bulb yield (223.45 q ha-1), T.S.S Brix0 (36.42),Vitamin C content (12.28 mg100-1g) and protein content (6.32%) but were at par with S2 (15×7.5 cm) treatment in respect of all parameters except bulb yield which was significantly maximum. Further it was also observed that interaction effect showed significant difference among treatments in respect of various growth, yield and quality parameters.

Impact of integrated nutrient management on growth and quality in chilli (Capsicum annum. var. Ankita N.S-015)

The present research work on evaluation Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management in Chilli (Capsicum annum. Var. Ankita N.S-015). Global awareness of human & soil health and environmental issues has attracted the vegetable growers to adopt alternate farm practices. Therefore, an experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Farm, Faculty of Agricultural Science & Allied Industries, Rama University, Mandhana, Kanpur (U.P.) during Rabi, 2019-2020. The test crop chilli (var. Anlita N.S-015) received 7 different treatments namely; absolute control (T0), 100% RDF of NPK (T1), 100% RDF of NPK + Azospirillum (T2), 100% RDF of NPK + PSB (T3), 50% RDF of NPK + Azospirillum + PSB (T4), 50% RDF of N + 100% RDF of PK + Azospirillum + PSB (T5), 50% RDF of P + 100% RDF of NK + Azospirillum + PSB (T6). Each treatment was replicated three times and imposed over a statistically laid out field in randomized block design (RBD) at a plot size of 3m × 3m with 3 replications and total no. of plots 21. Ankita N.S-015 variety of chilli was transplanted at a spacing of 60cm x 30cm. Results revealed that the treatment T2 (100% RDF of NPK + Azospirillum) recorded maximum values for plant height (74.250 cm), number of primary brunches (8.100), number of secondary brunches (8.090), Number of Tertiary branches (5.480), Days to Anthesis (45.450), Days to Flowering (54.600). The maximum uptake of Nitrogen, Phosphorous and potassium was also observed in treatment T2 followed by T3 and T1. The results indicated that soil test based recommended dose of fertilizer (50%) combined with Azospirillum + PSB was the best treatment for getting higher yield and return from.

Performance of spider plant (Chlorophytum comosum) in modular vertical green walls under various media and nutrients

An investigation was carried out to study the performance of various media and nutrients for spider plant (Chlorophytum comosum) in modular vertical walls under vertical green walls in the Department of Horticulture, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar (Tamil Nadu) during 2018 to 2020. The experiment comprised of four media viz., coco peat, greenosil, perlite and vermiculite and their combinations and two nutrients viz., foliar nutrition (Grosure NPK 19:19:19 and @ 1% twice (30 and 90 days after planting)) and fertilizer stick (Greenstix sticks were inserted to the modular containers @ one per container at 30 and 90 days after planting). Results revealed that, among the media, plants grown under vermiculite showed better performance in exhibiting maximum values for plant height (24.9 cm), number of leaves (21.6), leaf length (23.8 cm), leaf width (2.43), leaf area (30.9 cm2), shoot weight (15.1 g plant-1), root weight (3.4 g plant-1), biomass (18.4 g plant-1), size index (24.7 cm), and visual quality (9.08). However, among the nutrients, plants inserted with fertilizer stick recorded highest values for plant height (20.9 cm), number of leaves (18.8), leaf length (20.9 cm), leaf width (2.21), leaf area (30.2 cm2), shoot weight (14.8 g plant-1), root weight (3.24 g plant-1), biomass (18.1 g plant-1), size index (22.5 cm), and visual quality (8.49). compared with foliar nutrition. The interaction between media and nutrients was significant and plants grown under vermiculite and containers inserted with fertilizer stick showed superior performance in exerting maximum values for all the characters than other treatment combinations.

Effect of Inoculation with Rhizobium, Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria and Foliar Spraying with Boron and Molybdenum on Growth, Nodulation and Productivity of Faba Bean تأثیر التلقیح بالریزوبیا والریزوبکتیریا والرش الورقى بالبورون والمولبیدنیم على النمو وتکوین العقد الجذریة والانتاجیة للفول البلدى.

A field trial was conducted at El-Gemmeiza  Agricultural Research Station Elgharbia Governorate, Egypt, during the two successive seasons of 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 to study the response of faba bean (Vicia faba) to inoculation with Rhizobium leguminosarum, rhizobacteria Bacillus polymyxa [as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)] either solely or in combination and foliar spraying of boron (B), molybdenum (Mo) either alone or in combination and their effect on nodulation, growth and productivity. Results could be summarized as follows: Inoculated faba bean plants with Rhizobium leguminosarum + Bacillus polymyxa obtained the maximum values of plant height, leaf area index, total dry matter plant-1, crop growth rate, pods number plant-1, seed yield plant-1, 100-seed weight, seeds and straw yields/fad, as well as number and dry weight of nodules, total chlorophyll of leaves, phosphorus, nitrogen and protein of seeds. The foliar spraying of 30 ppm B + 15 ppm Mo on faba bean plants gave the maximum values for plant height, leaf area index, total dry matter plant-1, crop growth rate, pods number plant-1, seed yield plant-1, 100-seed weight, seeds and straw yields/fad, as well as nodules number and dry weight, total chlorophyll of leaves, phosphorus, nitrogen and protein of seeds. inoculated faba bean plants with Rhizobium leguminosarum + Bacillus polymyxa plus foliar spraying by 30 ppm B + 15 ppm Mo obtained the highest values for all mentioned traits, such treatment increased seeds and straw yields as well as protein content of seeds by 42.92, 33.08 and 21.32%, respectively compared to control.

Effect of Different Sources and Levels of Nitrogen Fertilizers with and without Organic and Bio-fertilizers on Growth and Yield Components of Fennel Plants (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)

Two field experiments were conducted in a newly reclaimed land at a private farm in Village No 8,  El-Minia Governorate, Egypt during two successive seasons (2017/2018) to evaluate the effect of integrated nitrogen fertilizer sources with organic and bio-fertilization on growth and yield components of the fennel plant. The experiment was arranged in a split- split-plot design. The organic treatments (0.0 and 5.0 t compost t/fed.) were arranged in main plots, nitrogen treatments (0.0, 10.0, 50.0 and 80.0 kg N/fed.) as urea or ammonium sulphate were allocated in subplots and bio-fertilizer treatments (without and with) were applied in sub-sub plots. The main effects of compost, nitrogen fertilization and bio-fertilizer showed that the maximum values of plant height, dry weight/plant, number of branches/plant, number of mumble/plant, number of umbellule's/umble and 1000-fruits  weight were attained under 5 t/fed compost,  80 kg N/fed as ammonium sulphate with bio-fertilizer. The results of the interaction among treatments indicated that combined 5.0 t compost /fed with 50 kg N/fed as ammonium sulphate and using bio-fertilizer exhibited the highest values of growth and yield components of fennel. Meanwhile, we can save about 30 kg N/fed by treated fennel plants with organic and bio-fertilizers without any reduction in vegetative growth.

Effect of Planting Distances and Weed Control Treatments on Faba Bean Yield and Associated Weeds

Two field experiments were carried out in the Farm of Agricultural Research and Experimental Center of Agriculture Faculty at Moshtohor, Benha University, Qalyubia Governorate, Egypt, during 2017/18 and 2018/19 seasons. The study were investigated the effect of three planting distances, i.e. 20, 25 and 30 cm between hills with six weed control treatments, i.e. acetochlor at rate of 840 g active ingredient (a.i)/fed (Harness 84 % EC), pendimethalin at rate of 773.5 g a.i/fed (Stomp extra 45.5 % CS), metribuzin at rate of 210 g a.i/fed (Sencor 70 % WP), bentazon at rate of 240 g a.i/fed (Basagran 48 % AS) + clethodium at rate of 62.5 g a.i/fed (Select super 12.5 % EC), hand hoeing twice and the unweeded check on growth, seed yield/fed and its yield components of faba bean cv. Giza 843 as well as associated weeds. Faba bean planted at narrow planting distance (20 cm between hills) gave the lowest values of weed biomass compared with the other two planting distances (25 and 30 cm between hills) at 70 days after sowing as well as produced the greatest values of leaf area index, plant height and seed yield/fed during the both seasons. While, the highest values of No. of branches, No. of pods, No. of seeds and seed weight/plant as well as 100-seed weight were obtained from planting faba bean at wide planting distance (30 cm between hills) in the both seasons. The main findings show that experimental field was infested by annual weeds for the unweeded check by 659.9 and 1041.8 kg dry weight of weeds/fed, exhibited seed yield loss of 74.82 and 79.65 % faba bean yield/fed compared with the best treatment (hand hoeing twice) in 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 seasons, respectively, planting faba bean under hand hoeing twice or using bentazon + clethodium surpassed the other weed control treatments in depressing weed biomass at 70 days after faba bean sowing. On the other hand, the two treatments gave the greatest values of all faba bean traits without significant difference between them. The highest depression in weed biomass and the maximum values of plant height and seed yield/fed were recorded from planting faba bean at 20 cm between hills and weed control by hand hoeing twice or using bentazon + clethodium. While, the greatest values of No. of pods/plant, No. of seeds/plant and seed weight/plant in both seasons which obtained from planting faba bean at wide planting distance (30 cm between hills) under weed control by hand hoeing twice or using bentazon + clethodium. Analyzing the faba bean seeds found that there was no residual detected of herbicides used. The economic analysis indicate that planting faba bean at 20 cm between hills and weed control by hand hoeing twice gave the net benefit valued 10435 and 8465 L.E./fed in the first and second seasons, respectively without herbicides residues. It could be summarized that planting faba bean cv. Giza 843 at planting distance 20 cm between hills with using hand hoeing twice or chemical control by bentazon + clethodium depression weed biomass and maximized seed yield/fed accompanied with the highest values of gross income, net benefit and benefit/cost and without herbicides residues.

Optimization of media and nutrition for foliage plants grown under modular vertical green walls

An investigation was carried out to study the performance of various media and nutrients for three foliage plants viz., arrow head plant (Syngonium podophyllum), boat lily (Tradescantia spathacea) and spider plant (Chlorophytum comosum) grown under modular vertical green walls. The experiment comprised of four media viz., coco peat, Greenosil, perlite and vermiculite and their combinations and two nutrients viz., foliar nutrition (NPK 19:19:19 and @ 1% twice (30 and 90 days after planting) and fertilizer stick (Greenstix sticks were inserted to the modular containers @ one per container at 30 and 90 days after planting). Results revealed that, among the media, plants grown under vermiculite showed better performance in exhibiting maximum values for plant height, leaf area, shoot weight, root weight and visual quality in all the three foliage ornamentals. However, among the nutrients, those plants inserted with fertilizer stick (N2) recorded highest for plant height, leaf area, shoot weight, root weight and visual quality in arrow head plant and spider plant. However, maximum values for plant height, leaf area, shoot weight and visual quality in boat lily were recorded under the treatment N1 (Foliar nutrient) except root weight. The interaction between media and nutrients was significant and plants grown under vermiculite and containers inserted with fertilizer stick showed superior performance w.r.t. all the characters in arrow head plant and spider plant, whereas, in boat lily, plants grown under vermiculite and plants sprayed with foliar nutrients showed better results.

Effects of boron and sulphur application on growth and yield of summer onion

A field experiment was carried out at the Horticulture Farm of the Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh to evaluate the effects of boron and sulphur on growth and yield of summer onion during the period from February to June, 2017. The experiment consisted of two-factors, Factor A: four levels of boron viz., (i) B0 = 0 kg B ha-1 , (ii) B1 = 0.5 kg B ha-1 , (iii) B2 = 1.0 kg B ha-1 , (iv) B3 = 1.5 kg B ha-1 ; and Factor B: four levels of sulphur, viz., (i) S0 = 0 kg S ha-1 , (ii) S1 = 15 kg S ha-1 , (iii) S2 = 30 kg S ha-1 , (iv) S3 = 45 kg S ha-1 . The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. BARI Piaz-3, a summer onion variety was used as planting material for this experiment. Results of the experiment revealed that B and S alone or in combination significantly influenced all the parameters studied. The highest plant height (28.74 cm at 75 DAT), bulb diameter (2.87 cm), individual weight of bulb (23.06 g), per cent dry matter (8.64) and yield of bulb (11.54 ton ha-1 ) were obtained when B applied at the rate of 1 kg ha-1 and the lowest for these parameters were obtained from the control treatment i.e. 0 kg B ha-1 . On the other hand, the highest plant height (26.84 cm at 75 DAT), bulb diameter (2.84 cm), individual weight of bulb (21.73 g), per cent dry matter (8.28) and yield of bulb (10.88 ton ha-1 ) were obtained when S applied at the rate of 30 kg/ha and the lowest for these parameters were recorded from 0 kg S/ha. Among the treatment combinations, 1.0 kg B ha-1 and 30 kg S ha-1 produced the maximum values for plant height (29.74 cm at 75 DAT), bulb diameter (3.06 cm), individual weight of bulb (25.83 g), per cent dry matter (9.03) and yield of bulb (12.93 ton ha-1 ) while the lowest for these parameters were obtained from the control treatment i.e. without boron and sulphur fertilizers.